BIORXIV · BIOENGINEERING · 21 SEP 2026

Toward Digital-Twin-Enabled Bioprocess Monitoring: Fault-Inclusive Soft Sensing of Penicillin Concentration Under Process Deviations

Abdul Basit Behlim, Atharva Tilewale & Dhaval Patel

A fault-inclusive machine-learning soft-sensor study using IndPenSim fermentation data, with normal-only and fault-inclusive modelling, repeated complete-batch validation, uncertainty analysis and out-of-distribution detection.